Asbestos removal cost per m2. Some may charge $2 to $2. Asbestos removal cost per m2

 
 Some may charge $2 to $2Asbestos removal cost per m2  If your home or workplace is at risk of being built with asbestos, read below to determine how much asbestos removal can cost you, based on your location and the type of asbestos in

Removing a single garage. £100. As you would expect, there are several factors that influence the overall Cost of removing Asbestos from your property, including the location, size of the project, and condition of asbestos. If you are adding a wet area as part of your extension then you need to add the following to the above building costs: Bathroom/en-suite: $12,000 - $28,000. Safety, Health and Welfare at Work (Exposure to Asbestos) (Amendment) Regulation 2010 S. The cost of removing asbestos insulation from the attic varies between £10 – £20 per square metre. As a rough guide, removing an asbestos garage roof will cost about £400 for a single garage and about £800 for a double garage. Cost + VAT Each: Per Square Metre Roof Tiles & Scaffolding; 10 to 100 Square Metres: £32:. An asbestos remediation project. 3. £130 per m2. Mostly, asbestos is found in small areas like attics, crawlspaces, or the floors and ceilings in one room. On average, asbestos abatement costs $400 to $600, with the average homeowner paying $500 per hour for testing and removal of brown asbestos inside the house. Asbestos removal from sheds: it costs $60-$130 per square meter to remove and dispose asbestos from slabs. $1,500+ for the removal of eaves. Brisbane. Here are some approximate skip bin hire prices by m³: 2m³ skip bin hire price – $200 to $345. The average cost of building a retaining wall is $250 per square metre, but retaining wall builders in Australia are charging from $70/m2 for a basic wall up to $380/m2 for more complicated work. In comparison, demolishing a typical single garage costs £1,000-£3,000. The cost of floor sanding mainly depends on the state your timber flooring is in, which will determine how much work is needed. Asbestos siding removal costs average $2,300 or $15 per square foot. Licenced asbestos assessors list. 6m wide. Domestic asbestos removal (per m2). For whole-house asbestos remediation, you'll pay $15,000 to $30,000, depending on the size of your home and amount of the dangerous mineral you need to get rid of. Prices start from: New timber flooring - $30 per m2; Existing flooring in fair condition - $40 per m2Asbestos is often found in popcorn ceilings, and its removal requires special training and equipment. To get a quote for removal costs, you need to work out rough measurements for the asbestos that needs removing. The cost depends on; The type of the material. For a very small shed (6m x 7m), a concrete slab costs $3,360 while the total project cost may reach $10,000. Asbestos Control. It consists of recycled materials like newspaper and cardboard. To remove an asbestos roof from a single asbestos garage, you’ll spend at least £380. If you’re concerned about the mess tile removal can create, you can pay for dust-free tile removal. Pricing starts from: Typically, the cost to remove asbestos such as textured ceilings in Auckland is $500 per sqm for a 10 sqm area. $40 to $80+ per m2. Labor increases costs to $1,500 to $3,100 for. Tips for Hiring An Asbestos. The price will depend on the size of the roof and which sections need to be removed. According to the most recent PSA data, the cost of construction per square meter will fall in 2020 rather than 2019. Demolition type. If your home or workplace is at risk of being built with asbestos, read below to determine how much asbestos removal can cost you, based on your location and the type of asbestos in. Cost of removal of asbestos insulating board panels to walls. An old small barn is among the least expensive to remove. 50 per square foot to remove asbestos from a wall or drywall. Lead bay roofs are even more expensive, starting from £300 per m2. Kitchen: $15,000 - $40,000. * We’ll explain the factors that affect this price and why it’s well worth. On average, asbestos encapsulation cost comes around to £8 to £15 per square meter. 50 to $150 for asbestos removal per square meter in Sydney; 100-$1,000 for removal of asbestos flooring from a room (varies depending on the size of the room) 1,500+ for removal of eaves; 1,000-$3,500 to remove interior siding from a room (depends on size and location) 150 to $200 per ton. Artex removal cost. The department provides. You should also factor in the cost of bringing a professional contractor in to complete a survey of the necessary work. For instance, if asbestos removal and excavation are necessary, destroying a detached garage may cost $2k or $4k. You will likely spend between$1,212 and. Air monitoring. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. The legally defined exposure limit value is 0. Pool Removal. Texture, painting, or other refinishing options like decorative tiles will add extra costs. Standard size of a double garage 5. Also, remember that the price per square metre to lay a new Tarmac driveway will vary depending on where you live. Typically, to remove an Artex ceiling of 20m2 will be about £2000 (about £100 per m2). this state has the lowest rates for asbestos removal - $25 per square metre. Lead paint removal costs $8 to $15 per square foot. The cost of removing asbestos attic insulation depends on the amount present and accessibility. Decks: $300-$3,000; Garages: $2,000-$9,000 (depending on whether it is attached or detached)The cost to demolish a house per square foot ranges from $2 to $17 per square foot, with an average between $4 and $15 per square foot. While tiles typically range from $49 to $56 per m2, an architectural long run roof can cost up to $150 per m2. Lead paint testing costs $300 to $600. Cost of removal of asbestos Artex (Textured Coatings) to plasterboard. For a 1,500 square foot house, that works out to an additional $3,000 to $4,500. 01%;. Asbestos siding removal costs average $2,300 or $15 per square foot. Landfill & Hauling FeesVibrated Reinforced Concrete For Substructures and Superstructures. The price for asbestos removal nearly doubles the price for this. Removing asbestos is both hazardous and labor-intensive, which contributes to the high cost. 80. Don't trust unqualified service providers. +100 metres. Get Quote Now! Providing a Nationwide Service From Our Strategically Placed Offices Throughout the UK Below you will find detailed information on the removal of asbestos. 551. Method – Some contractors use a basic telescoping scraper to remove the popcorn, and others use specialized sanding equipment with a vacuum attachment. $15,000 to $20,000 for asbestos roof replacement with Colorbond. If detected, asbestos tile removal could cost $5 to $20 per square foot. Cost estimates range from a little more than $1,000 to more than $10,000. How much does asbestos roof tile removal cost? Here's an in-depth guide about the costs involved in the removal of asbestos roof tiles. Interior wall removal costs $0. Safe Handling Methods. Your first job is to measure your garage. Asbestos Removal Services JB Moving. The cost estimator will help work out the price of removing asbestos from your home, keeping your family, pets or tenants happy and healthy. Waste skip hire. When replacing drywall, the open walls provide an opportunity to address other common problems like faulty wiring, leaks. Find out more about asbestos removal costs. I. Asbestos Removal. You can expect to pay $30 an hour in labor costs and another $400 for an asbestos air test. 8m³ skip bin hire price – $700 to $930. 50 (CAD 2 and CAD 4. These asbestos removal surveys typically cost between £200 and £1,000. To do this, it’s useful to work in square and linear metres. Demolition and replacement. au. Crushed stone hardcore, 200mm thick. 23. £300. A minimum of $10,000 should be expected with costs reaching as high as. ft. KAEFER is re­gistered as an As­bes­tos Re­moval Con­tractor with the South African De­part­ment of La­bour. The national average for asbestos siding removal costs ranges from $10,500 to $13,500. The costs of demolishing your deck and shed have a different pricing structure than the rest. £380. 3. $80 to $110 per square metre for. The cost of asbestos removal can range from $30 to $100 per square meter, with a minimum removal charge of approximately $2,000. Asbestos has been used as a building product from the 1940s to 1990s, as they have resistance to high temperatures and make effective insulation. £50 to £80 per tonne. Furthermore, it won’t take long for a contractor to. £350. 5 per linear metre + installation and other possible additional costs (e. 1. no. Otherwise, anticipate a fee between $20 and $50. Drywall removal and disposal costs $0. Although most of them charge per square metre, if you come across tradies who charge on a per-hour basis, expect to pay $55/hr . The prices for professional tiling services vary between $30/$45 on average up to $100/$120 per square metre, whereas the hourly rates range from $45 to $100 per hour. Safe removal and disposal of a 2-layer asbestos tile floor is: £16 per m2. Demolition or refurbishment survey of properties listed above. Companies have different rates for new paint and texture. These ranges include labor and materials. For a large detached house (200-250m²), the average demolition cost is about £20,000. £17. ft. Contacting a local asbestos removal expert and arranging a survey is the best way to estimate the cost of asbestos removal. However, there are so many mitigating circumstances that can impact your overall demolition costs, that we feel it is better to use a wide range,. The Asbestos Removal & Roofing team also specialises in roof replacement and construction of new roofs. The cost for asbestos removal is between $1,200 and $3,200 for average homeowners. Terracotta tiles: $80 to $120 per m2, depending on the pitch of the roof and other factors. The average cost for asbestos removal is $1,300 to $4,000, with soil clean-up estimated at $190 per tonne. Statutory 4 stage clearance testing and air monitoring is included. $5 - $11. 450 + 2,450 = 2,900)The cost of demolition ranges from £7,000 for a small detached property to about £20,000 for a large property. £50 to £100 per weekend. Book your free asbestos inspection today 1. It's a good idea to have a contractor visit your site and discuss with you what will be required in terms of the demolition process. These health effects include asbestosis, lung cancer, mesothelioma (cancer in the lining of the lungs), and restricted breathing due to thickening of lung tissues. After considering labor and the room size, most homeowners spend between $924 and $3,002 on the project. A routine 4,000-square-metre asbestos removal job. Safe removal and disposal of a 2-layer asbestos tile floor is: £16 per m2. Our asbestos removal cost guide includes all information you may need related to costs of removal, services and best contractors quotes. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. Removal of cladding (per room) $1,000 - $1,500. If the building contains asbestos or any other hazardous materials, it may cost an additional $2 to $3 per square foot to remove the hazardous material. $1,000-$3,500 to remove internal cladding from a room (depends on size, location)In order for us to provide you with an estimate, please give as much detail as possible about your requirements below. Covers artex ceilings & asbestos tiles. An inspector testing for asbestos in a building's interior Labor. Asbestos removal costs $4 to $20 per square foot for ceilings. Insulation cost. They state that removing asbestos roofing materials from a single-storey 150m2 home can be in the vicinity of. Asbestos waste is hazardous and improper removal increases the risk of fibre inhalation. Identifying Asbestos. An asbestos awareness course is not sufficient. On average, mold removal costs$2,250, while asbestos removal costs $2,100. For whole-house asbestos remediation, you'll pay $15,000 to $30,000, depending on the size of. £5 - £8 per m2. How Much Does Plastering Cost In South Africa. Instant Asbestos Removal Quote Complete the details of the asbestos items below, click 'next' and add yours/site details to see your instant online quote. £75. Removing asbestos will require hiring an asbestos remover which is licensed to remove it safely before the cladding can continue. Join as a pro. If you have identified asbestos in your workplace and if it needs to be removed because it’s in a poor state, or because you are planning renovations then you are likely to require the services of a licenced asbestos removal company. 5m. Call today for more info. Concrete Mix Ratio 1:1:2 (Class 30/20): Shs 18,000 per Cubic Metre in. £17. For a flat price estimate, the cost of removing asbestos will usually range from $100 per square meter to $500 per square meter. If you’re concerned about the mess tile removal can create, you can pay for dust-free tile removal. Slate tiles: $200 to $500 per m2 for premium slate. If you’re living or working in a particularly old building, there is a risk that your structure could be a part of that 80%, and here is why that could. You can read elsewhere different figures but i believe they are not accounting for removal of materials. As mentioned above, the cost for Asbestos. 589/2010. Some may charge $2 to $2. 35 x 70 = 2,450. 25 Part 3 c Non-routine 2,000 square metre job Activity Cost Pool Activity Rate Activity Volume. Asbestos roofing was banned by government in. 50 per linear metre. Concreters charge $30 to $45 per m2 on average,. Only certain companies offer this service, requiring special equipment to minimize the dust that. Replacing or boarding over your existing ceiling will be necessary if cracks or sags start to show. Compare Quotes & Save Up To 37%:Floor sanding costs range from approximately $30 - $60 per square metre (m2). At first, the cut off date was 2020, but less than 15% of all industrial asbestos has been removed. Asbestos removal cost per sq m2. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. If you require a professional asbestos removal service, be sure to contact the team at MPA Asbestos Services. (Prices taken from multiple sources and averaged) Prices Checked 15/11/2023. Garage m2 1,450$ Building Cost Calculator Costings July 2021. 50 per square foot to remove popcorn ceilings that contain asbestos, and it costs $800 to replace it with knockdown. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. While it is unlikely two suspended ceiling jobs will be the same, it is possible to look at the average cost per metre square. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. As you can see there are several advantages to hiring a demolition company to do your demolition work for you. Asbestos can be a serious health hazard. This will result in a cost saving of £93. A minimum of $10,000 should be expected with costs reaching as high as $40,000 due to complexity, excavation costs, asbestos, size, materials, and other factors. Average rates for driveway excavation are estimated to be around $500 to $700. Cost. Asbestos encapsulation, on the other hand, starts from £8 per square metre, which includes materials and labour. Asbestos removal costs $5 to $15 per square foot inside the home and $10 to $125 for asbestos on the home's exterior. For an average-sized UK property, the cost of asbestos removal is around £50 per m2. Asbestos removal survey – £200. The amount of asbestos. The Department of Labour is currently going from factory to factory giving out these notices and having owners and managers sign for it. Without asbestos adhesive, the cost is much cheaper, closer to $20/m2. 00 ; YES . Asbestos testing costs $250 to $850. £750 - £3,000. For very small properties, such as bungalows, demolition costs may be as low as £5,000 if there are no complicating factors, rising to £8,000 or more. 4. The approximate cost for removing asbestos here in the UK is around £50+ per square metre. Email us at enquiry@proservices. The cost estimator will help work out the price of removing asbestos from your home, keeping your family, pets or tenants happy and healthy. This cost could be as little as $450 or as high as $6,000, depending on the affected area's size,. For vinyl flooring with an asbestos adhesive, expect a cost of about $100-$90 depending on the number of square meters. There is good access to the area being worked on. Cost to Remove Asbestos Tile Yourself vs. as it gives you some peace of mind for a small additional cost. Book your free asbestos inspection today 1. This usually costs around £100 to £200 per square metre, although some roofing contractors prefer to charge £8 to £16 per hour, depending on the extent of the work and any damage. From $ 15. Ceiling repair costs $50 to $100 per square foot for drywall, or $50 to $125 per square foot for lath and plaster. Typically, to remove an Artex ceiling of 20m2 will be about £2000 (about £100 per m2). The cost of Colorbond roofing installation can be anywhere from $53 to $97 per square metre, or $13 to $37 per sheet. This includes debris removal and disposal. Total Area – 1001 to 2000 Square metres. *Please note, the prices listed on this page are approximations only, call us for a free estimate: 250-891-8611 on your next project. Walls and Drywall. You know, the fundamental law of supply and demand:. ft. Asbestos removal costs an average of $2,202 or between $1,192 and $3,241. £40 per m 2. Asbestos testing costs $250 to $850. These costs are based on the following assumptions: The removal contractor is responsible for all set up costs. Check your asbestos removalist is licensed or you can find a list of licensed service providers in your local area. Contact ARA for asbestos disposal & removal today! Talk to us 0406 426 144. Chimney damp proof course (labour and scaffolding not included) £75 per roll. $14 - $36. The starting rates for removals begin at approximately $40 per square metre. $200 to $500 per m2 for slate roofing. Asbestos removal costs an average of $10 per square foot. Asbestos encapsulation – £8 per m2. Brisbane; Sunshine Coast; Gold Coast; Toowoomba; Services. If your home or workplace is at risk of being built with asbestos, read below to determine how much asbestos removal can cost you, based on your location and the type of asbestos in your. Laundry: $6,000 - $15,000. You might be able to get lower rates from your local government authority which would help offset some costs. 551. So, to remove unwanted asbestos from a standard house. The Better Business Bureau has information regarding business practices or consumer praise/complaints about an asbestos contractor. Each garage will be slightly different. These costs are based on the following assumptions: The removal contractor is responsible for all set up costs. Some factors to consider include: It can cost anywhere from $25 - $160 per metre squared and the cost will depend on the complexity of the job. If your driveway is on sloping land, expect to pay around $10 more per square metre than on a flat surface. Job Complexity. step 4 :- labour rate and charges:- labour rate and cost for external wall plastering is around rs 15 to 25 per sq ft or rs 193 to 269 per sq m, consider labour rate and cost in this calculation is Rs 18 per sq foot. This is a modern felt roof or built-up felt roof. Air monitoring. Our asbestos removal scope includes roof sheeting, ceilings, fibrous asbestos, cladding, insulation, pipes and other asbestos construction materials. ) 21 to 80 square meters: $75/square meter. Asbestos free; Non-Hazardous – Asbestos <0. insulation located in pipe chases, tunnels, crawl spaces, or aboveThe average replacement cost of guttering is around £42. $4,800 – $20,400. The average cost to tear down and rebuild a house is $125,000 to $450,000. To Be Determined Per Job. If you want a textured ceiling, it’ll cost $1 to $7 per square foot for labor and materials. Dust-free Tile Removal. Sheds: $80 per sqm. $32,000 / 200 m2 per level ($115 - $160) - Mutlistorey Home over different levels. $100-$1,000 for the removal of asbestos flooring for a room. R6-80 incl. Hiring a ProSome approximate cost of asbestos removal in the Gold Coast might look like this: $50-$150 removal per square meter in the Gold Coast. $40 to $60 per square metre for concrete tiled roofing. 3-Using the activity rates you have computed, determine the total cost and the average cost per thousand square metres of each of the following jobs according to the activity-based costing system. In order for us to provide you with an estimate, please give as much detail as possible about your requirements below. $32,000 / 200 m2 per level ($115 - $160) - Mutlistorey Home over different levels. Pro Tip: This guide from JS Removals provides average costs for typical jobs such as removing asbestos from doors, etc. Local popcorn ceiling removal professionals often charge $1 to $2 per square foot or $15 to $40 per hour. For safety reasons, a pro will not fix or add blown insulation until. ft. PFAS refers to Per & Poly Fluorinated Alkyl Substance which is a group of long chain. Discounts can apply for the removal of metres thereafter. Asbestos Artex: Textured Coating Removal: Plasterboard Finish. MOQ: 960 units/80 boxes/4 cases. Asbestos is a naturally occurring fibrous material and has been used for about 150 years on a large scale. However, tackling asbestos in the roof is the costliest project, setting most homeowners back $450. a) A routine 2,000-square-metre asbestos removal job. Read on to find out how much it typically costs for asbestos removal for different building sizes and locations. The cost of Asbestos Encapsulation is around £8+ per square metre. The cost of removing asbestos walls is subject to site inspection to gauge access, transit paths, heights, and degree of difficulty. Roof installation cost ranges from £120 – £290 per m², but this depending on the size of the roof and the materials chosen for your roofing. decades, trapped asbestos fibers can cause inflammation, scarring . Asbestos Artex Removal (Textured Coating) Cost Guide for 2023. The cost for asbestos removal is between $1,200 and $3,200 for average homeowners. Alternatively, to encapsulate asbestos is about £25 per m2. However, removing asbestos from an HVAC unit is more expensive, at around $35 to $55 per square foot. 2m long X 230mm wide) + installation: Timber cladding: $3. Plaster and Stucco: $500 – $15,000 Transite Siding: $5,000 – $20,000 Vermiculite (attic): $7,500 – $13,000 *Please note, the prices listed on this page are approximations only,. Our licensed removalists are always happy to answer any questions you may have. Covers artex ceilings & asbestos tiles. Internal and external cladding. Asbestos Sample Survey. 33 and 10. Asbestos removal cost is a concern for many homeowners that their properties were built between 1930-1999. As you’d expect, larger roofs need more EPDM and take longer to install, so they cost more. How much you need to spend depends on the type and location of the damage. Excavation/Preparation: Dense Vegetation & Tree Removal 400m2 $ 12,000 Demolition Demolition: Minor works 400m2 $ 500 Demolition: Weatherboard/Brick Veneer House house $ 20,000 Demolition: Asbestos Cement House house $ 30,000. In fact, a detached home with solid wall insulation could save up to £375¹ per year on annual heating bills. Powder-coated Colorbond costs around $22/m2. For a slightly larger shed (but still quite small, 6m x 9m), $4,320 is the price for a concrete slab only, whereas the whole project may cost up to $15,000 in total. za or call us on 041 486 1976. Corrugated steel roofing costs around $18/m2. You’ll likely spend $2 to $6 per square foot, depending on the concrete’s location, accessibility, and how thick it is. There are many factors that determine where. The average cost for an Asbestos Removal Specialist is $2050. A routine 2,000-square-metre asbestos removal job. 50. On March 31, 1971, EPA identified asbestos as a hazardous pollutant, and on April 6, 1973, EPA promulgated the Asbestos NESHAP, currently found in 40 CFR Part 61, Subpart M. Electrician works to rewire a house for remodelingThe removal of the existing popcorn texture is just the start. £35 per m2. Here’s a short guide to the cost of demolition in Perth and WA. 50 per square foot, or about $50 to $250 to remove the. We charge in most situations per square meter rather than by the hour or per job. Vinyl Floor Tile: $500 – $2,500+ per room; Sheet Vinyl Flooring: $2,000 – $7,000+ (depends on size) Plaster and Stucco: $500 – $15,000;. 50 to $2. Get the full cost breakdown here. £135 - £165. In fact, an estimated 80% of structures in Gauteng still contain asbestos in them, but the number is gradually shrinking thanks to businesses that offer much needed asbestos removal services. Approximately one third of all homes built in Australia contain asbestos products. Quotes for re-roofing costs will be based upon the size of your roofing system. Typical Price Range. The average cost for removing asbestos is usually around £50-£60 per m 2. 20 square meters and below: $100/square meter. Asbestos is safely removed, transported and disposed of at an approved waste disposal facility and certificates of safe disposal are issued. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. £300. The completion of an asbestos survey to identify and quantify the. As mentioned above, the cost for Asbestos Removal services varies depending on certain factors. However, no demolition contractor will charge you a square meter rate because that is not how they estimate demolition costs. Construction of new residential, industrial and commercial roofs. Expect to pay between $40 to $60 per square metre knowing that removing the asbestos also includes wrapping it and delivering it to the approved disposal site. Flat roof replacement typically costs $4 to $9 per square foot for labor and materials, but installers may charge $250 to $350 per square instead. Note that if you have asbestos in your property, the overall cost of removing wall and ceiling materials will escalate significantly, as you need to have this removed by a specialist. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. Eaves cost $50 to $80 per metre. Removing asbestos from your workplace. The average cost to remove asbestos is $2,000. Drywall repair. Asphalt roofing is closer in price to long-run, at around $100-$120 m2. Artex Removal (m2) £16. Customer-focused service. But, it’s no problem to replace. Getty Images Table of Contents What Is Asbestos? Why Is Asbestos Dangerous? Asbestos Removal Cost Per Square Foot Asbestos Abatement Cost. However, in some cases. How much an asbestos roof will cost to remove will depend on its size. $2 - $20. Drywall Walls $10. The removal of asbestos is strictly regulated by the Asbestos Abatement Regulations 2020 and will be closely monitored by the Department of Employment and Labour in accordance with the Occupational Health and Safety Act (Act 85 of 1993) says Indawo managing director, Geoffrey Jäck. Operational nationwide. A total of R220m has been set aside for the removal of asbestos roofs in government-built houses, says human settlements minister Mmamoloko Kubayi. Average cost per square. Even a single exposure to asbestos can lead. 81 square meters and above: $50/square meter. About Us. $100-$1,000 to remove asbestos flooring for a room (will vary largely on the size of the room) $1,500+ for the removal of eaves. ft. 2,000 square feet. On average, mold removal costs$2,250, while asbestos removal costs $2,100. Depending on where. $40 per square metre. Asbestos removal costs about $75 to $350 per hour. £55 per m2. An extension has now been granted with the official cut off date being Dec 2022. This breaks down to $2 to $10 per square foot for materials and $5 to $15 per. ft. Asbestos removal at a school in Mpumalanga. 67) per square foot to remove it. Wall/Drywall. £209. $50 to $100. Professionals charge $175 to $250 per hour on average for asbestos abatement. Rates, however, vary from job to job. A professional home demolition service near you will be able to give you a quote, but here's how much you can expect to pay based on home size: Size. The latter method typically costs more but is less messy and takes less time. New asbestos training, certificate, and licensing requirements. Chemical damp proofing cost. From $ 15. Truck load (¾) £800. A new tile floor generally runs $1,500 to $5,000. £2,000. The demolition cost will depend on the size of your house, and the materials it’s made up of. com.